Kodi Chomata cha Clone RFID N'chiyani Ndipo Chimagwira Ntchito Motani Mumakina Amakono Otetezedwa?

Wobwereza akulira ndipo zenera likutikulemba bwino. Chomata chimapita kumbuyo kwa foni. Pakhomo, owerenga sachita chilichonse: palibe beep, palibe LED, palibe kulowa. Makasitomala wayima pamenepo ndi chinthu chomwe chidayesedwa bwino mphindi khumi zapitazo.

 

Iyi ndiye tikiti yothandizira yomwe timapeza kuchokera kwa ogula omwe amagulitsanso kubwereza, ndipo pafupifupi nthawi iliyonse wokoperayo adachita zomwe amayenera kuchita. Chifukwa chake funso lothandiza lokhudza chomata cha RFID siloti zolembazo zidagwira ntchito. Ndi zomwe zinayenera kukhala zowona kuti zolembazo zipulumuke paulendo wochoka ku benchi kupita kuchitseko.

 

 

 

 

Mawuchojambulaimabisala mfundo yakuti pali njira ziwiri zosagwirizana pansi pake, ndipo zimasokoneza ndi pamene kufufuza kumalakwika poyamba.

 

Zotsimikizira zotsika-zochepa 125 kHz, kutanthauza kuti banja la EM4100/TK4100 lodziwika bwino muulamuliro wa cholowa, zimabwerezedwa polemba ID yatsopano mu T5577 kapena EM4305 chip kuti iwonetsere choyambirira. Zambiri-zafupipafupi 13.56 MHz zotengera MIFARE Classic zimagwira ntchito mosiyana. Chizindikiritso chapaderacho chimakhala mu block 0, yomwe pa chip yokhazikika imawerengedwa-pokha, kotero chomata cha UID chosinthika cha RFID chikufunika chisanatheke nkomwe. Lamuloli limapereka mayankho a mabanja awiriwa kuti alembedwe mwatsatanetsatane ndi gulu lotseguka{13}}lomwe limasunga zida za Proxmark (RfidResearchGroup), ndipo mawonekedwe a mpweya wa HF pawokha amafotokozedwa mu ISO/IEC 14443.

 

Kwa wogula kumasulira kwake ndi kwakufupi: mafupipafupi amayenera kufanana ndi owerenga funso lina lililonse lisanayambe.

 

Chiganizo chimenecho ndi chowona ndipo ndipamenenso anthu ambiri amaima, ndichifukwa chake magulu ambiri amalepherabe pambuyo pofufuza pafupipafupi. Kufananiza pafupipafupi kumangolowetsa chomata muzokambirana. Kaya owerenga avomereza zomwe amva pambuyo pake zimatengera mawonekedwe a chip, ndipo ndiye fyuluta yosiyana, yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zida zomwe simukuzilamulira. Ngati pulogalamu yomwe mukufuna ikugwira ntchito pa 13.56 MHz, UID-mafunso owerengera ndi owerenga-ayenera kuyang'aniridwa paokha musadulidwe chitsanzo chilichonse (MIFARE-zolemba zopezera kalasi).

 

 

Nayi kusintha komwe kumasankha ngati zomata za RFID zofananira zikuyenda mwakachetechete kapena kukhala pamzere wothandizira, ndipo sizimawonekeranso papepala: m'badwo wa "matsenga" wa chipangizo cha HF.

Tchipisi za Gen1a zimafunika lamulo lapadera lodzutsa pakhomo{1}pambuyo pa block 0 lisanalembedwenso. Tchipisi za Gen2 ndi zachindunji-lembani ndikuvomera lamulo lolemba wamba lopanda tsankho lapadera. Kamodzi-kamodzi-makalasi olembera monga FUID kusiya kuyankha lamulo lanyumba pambuyo pa block 0 edit yoyamba, yomwe imatseka kopi mpaka kalekale. Tumizani kasitomala zidutswa 5,000 pomwe 3,000 ali Gen1a ndi 2,000 ali Gen2, ndipo ngati malo awo opangira mapulogalamu angotulutsa zotsatizana zakumbuyo, gawo la Gen2 limakhala lopanda pake pofika: losawonongeka, losasinthika ndi zida zomwe ali nazo. Kumeneko ndi kuchotsera anthu{{21}anu asanu{22}} chifukwa cha mzere wa oda yogula womwe palibe amene adalembapo.

 

Chip class	Block 0 kulemba njira	-zimalembedwanso mukakopera koyamba	Kukwanira kwa wogula
Gen1a matsenga	Lamulo lodzutsa{0}pakhomo lakumbuyo	Inde, mobwerezabwereza	Othandizira okhala ndi Proxmark-zida zam'kalasi
Gen2 matsenga	Kulemba molunjika, lamulo lokhazikika	Inde, mobwerezabwereza	Zida zophatikizika, {{0}zotengera kachitidwe ka Android
FUID / -nthawi imodzi	Backdoor, kusintha koyamba kokha	Ayi, zokhoma pambuyo polemba koyamba	Ntchito zomwe zikuyenera kuletsa-kuseweretsa kutsika

 

Pali yachiwiri, pang'onopang'ono kulephera mode ofunika kudziwa. Tchipisi zamatsenga zoyambilira zinali ndi vuto m'mene ankachitira ndi kuyimitsidwa kwachidule mkati mwa ISO 14443-2 bit period. Khadi yeniyeni imayimitsa pomwe makhadi ena amatsenga amapitilira, ndipo owerenga adasinthidwa ndi zosefera zomwe zala zala zimachita chimodzimodzi, zomwe pamapeto pake zidakankhira tchipisi kuti zisapangidwe. Kwa wogulitsa zotsatira zake zimafika mochedwa: zomata zomata za RFID zomwe zimapambana mayeso aliwonse lero zitha kukanidwa mwakachetechete ndi wowerenga wosinthidwa ndi firmware miyezi khumi ndi isanu ndi itatu pambuyo pake, patapita nthawi invoice itachotsedwa.

 

Palibe wogulitsa angalonjeze machitidwe a firmware amtsogolo a wopanga owerenga, ndipo aliyense amene atero akungopeka. Zomwe mungachite ndizogwirizana osati zaukadaulo, ndipo zimabwera kuzinthu zinayi. Konzani nambala yeniyeni ya chip mu PO m'malo movomereza "MIFARE-yogwirizana". Amafuna manambala a maere osindikizidwa kapena ojambulidwa pa katoni iliyonse, kotero gulu lamavuto likhoza kukhazikitsidwa m'malo mokumbukira chaka chotulutsa. Sungani zitsanzo zosindikizidwa kuchokera pagawo lililonse mbali zonse. Ndipo vomerezanitu amene-amayesanso ndi amene amatengera mtengo wake ngati pulogalamu ya firmware ya kasitomala isintha pakati{7}}pamgwirizano. Palibe mwa izo ndi zachilendo. Ndichizoloŵezi chokhazikika muzinthu zilizonse zoyendetsedwa, ndipo ndizomwe zimalekanitsa zochitika zodziwika bwino ndi mkangano. Mabanja a chip kumbuyo kwa zisankho izi ndi omwewopangani zobwereza-zolemba ndi zomata mozungulira, ndichifukwa chake nambala ya gawo ili pa dongosolo m'malo mwa zokambirana zamalonda.

 

Msampha wawung'ono umakhala mkati mwa sitepe yolemba yokha. The byte yotsatira UID ndi BCC checksum, XOR ya ma UID byte anayi, ndi kulemba mtengo wosalondola wofewa-ndi njerwa chip. Pamzere wapamwamba-wotsika kwambiri womwe umakhala pachiwopsezo, chomwe ndi chifukwa chinanso kusasinthasintha kwa batch ndi funso lopanga osati mwayi.

 

 

Chizoloŵezi chamakampani chimati chomata ndi chomata ndipo zosintha zokha ndi mainchesi ndi zomatira. Kulephera kosokoneza kwambiri m'gulu lamankhwala ili likunena mosiyana. Chotsani chomata m'bokosi, ndikuchiyika kumbuyo kwa chamba cham'manja kapena pachitseko chachitsulo, ndipo mzerewo umagwa kapena kutha. Chip ndi chabwino. Fiziki inasintha.

 

 

Kukonzako ndi gawo lodzipatula la ferrite pakati pa zomata ndi zitsulo, zomwe zimabwezeretsanso mtundu wogwiritsiridwa ntchito poletsa kutuluka kwa conductive pamwamba. Koma zomata za anti RFID zomata zomata zikufunikabe chisankho osati bokosi loyang'ana, ndipo malire ake ndi awa. Ngati chandamale chowerengacho chili chachifupi, kutanthauza kuti wowerenga pakhoma wogwiritsa ntchito amangojambula molunjika, kuyikanso kokhako nthawi zambiri kumabweretsanso mtunda wokwanira popanda ferrite konse. Ngati chomata chikuyenera kugwira ntchito pa batri lathunthu kapena mbale yachitsulo yachitseko, ferrite sichosankha ndipo makulidwe amafunikira. Otsatsa zinthu monga Laird amasindikiza makulidwe amtundu wa 0.05, 0.1 ndi 0.2 mm pagululi la pulogalamuyo, ndipo 0.3 mm ikupezeka ngati mukufuna, ndipo kumapeto kwake sikuchepera-pa 125 kHz pomwe voliyumu ya flux imakhala yokulirapo. Mpweya wokhawokha ndiye woipa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi: umawonjezera zambiri usanawonjezerepo.

 

Ichi ndichifukwa chake zomwe zoperekedwa apa ndi muyeso osati zonena. Ziwerengero zenizeni za centimita zimayenda moyipa pakati pa mapulojekiti, chifukwa m'dongosolo lophatikizika denga limayikidwa ndi owerenga: lamulo lothandiza ndiloti kuchuluka kwake kumafika pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri kapena kawiri kukula kwa mlongoti wa owerenga. Zomwe zimayendera ndi chiŵerengero. Tebulo ili m'munsiyi ndi emvulopu yovomera yomwe timagwira ntchito pomanga zomata, zowonetsedwa motsutsana ndi gulu lililonse lomwe-lopanda kanthu:

 

Mkhalidwe wokwera	Zomangamanga	Zotsatira zoyembekezeka vs zoyambira	Chigamulo
Pansi -yopanda zitsulo	Chomata chokhazikika cha 0.9 mm	100% ndi tanthauzo. Pa chomata chandalama cha mamilimita 25 mpaka 30 chotsutsana ndi wowerenga wapakhoma ichi chili kumapeto kwa gulu losindikizidwa la 1-10 cm.	Reference kwa batch
Chitsulo mbale, mwachindunji kukhudzana	Chomata chokhazikika cha 0.9 mm	Pafupi ndi ziro, nthawi zambiri samawerenga konse	Musamatchule chiganizo ichi
Chitsulo mbale	Chomata + 0.2–0.3 mm ferrite	60–80%	Landirani pa Kuposa kapena kufanana ndi 60%
Kubwereranso foni, pa batri	Chomata chokhazikika cha 0.9 mm	Pafupi ndi zero	Musamatchule chiganizo ichi
Kumbuyo kwa foni, m'mphepete, kopanda koyilo yolipira	Chomata + 0.2–0.3 mm ferrite	40-70%, zimasiyanasiyana ndi mafoni	Landirani pa Greater kuposa kapena yofanana ndi 50% pamitundu itatu yam'manja

 

Thamangani izi kamodzi motsutsana ndi owerenga anu ndipo lembani chitsanzo ndi mlongoti wa mlongoti pambali pa manambala. Tsamba limodzilo limayankha zambiri zomwe kasitomala angafunse m'mwezi woyamba wa kutulutsa. Ndipo ngati foni-kutchinga kokwera kwa foni sikukhala kofunikira, malo ofunikira kwambiri amalepheretsa vuto lonselo, lomwe ndi lofunika kuliyezetsa musanagwiritse ntchito zomata (()fob kusankha kwa ntchito zowongolera mwayi).

 

 

 

Pali zovuta m'gululi, ndipo kunena molunjika za izo ndi gawo la kukhala wodalirika wogulitsa. Zidziwitso zobisika monga DESFire EV3, SEOS, ndi mibadwo yamakono ya MIFARE idapangidwa kuti ipewe kubwereza, ndipo owerenga ambiri aposachedwa amakana makope. Mapangidwe a cholowa, osabisidwa ndi omwe amabwerezedwa. Msika waukulu ukuyenda mwanjira imeneyi dala: mwayi wofikira-owerenga owongolera akuchoka patali-makadi oyandikira otsika, okopera mosavuta kupita ku zidziwitso zobisidwa ndi{6}}kutsimikizira zinthu zambiri pakhomo (360iResearch). Chomata chobwereza cha RFID chowongolera mwayi wofikira chili ndi maziko ocheperako, ndipo kunamizira kuti sikumakomera wogula.

 

"Kugwirizana" sikulinso liwu loti "phokoso". Ofufuza atafufuza za FM11RF08S, tchipisi chomwe chimagulitsidwa kwambiri ngati MIFARE Classic{3}}yolowa m'malo, anapeza khomo lakumbuyo la hardware lomwe lingathe kufikika kudzera pakhadi{4}}yokhayo, yomwe imatha kuwonetsa wogwiritsa-makiyi ofotokozera (Quarkslab, kudzera pa CyberInsider).

 

Ndiye wogula achite chiyani ndi zimenezo? Zinthu zitatu, zonse zotsimikizika kuchokera kumbali yanu ya tebulo. Funsani nambala ya chip part komanso wogulitsa dzina lake osati banja, chifukwa "MIFARE{1}}compatible 1K" ikufotokoza tchipisi khumi ndi awiri okhala ndi mbiri zosiyanasiyana zachitetezo. Funsani ngati wogulitsa amamangirira tchipisi zake kapena akugula zomangira zomalizidwa, chifukwa fakitale yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito chip yakeyake-njira yolumikizira imalandira ma IC molunjika ndipo ingakuuzeni komwe gulu lachokera, pomwe nyumba yogulitsanso zolowetsa nthawi zambiri silingathe. Ndipo funsani zomwe zimachitika pamene wogulitsa malonda asokonezedwa poyera pakati pa-mgwirizano: ndani yemwe ali woyenerera kusinthidwa, ndi ndondomeko ya ndani. Wogulitsa amene waganizapo za izi adzayankha mu sentensi. Amene sanachitepo adzasintha nkhaniyo kukhala mtengo. Lingaliro lomwelo limayang'anira momwe chitetezo chazidziwitso chimafotokozedwera m'mapulojekiti ochereza alendo, pomwe mamalingaliro achitetezo kumbuyo kwa makadi makiyi a hotelozimakonda kufufuzidwa kwambiri kuposa ntchito zogona.

 

 

Kaya kopi ndizamalamuloilibe kanthu kochita ndi kayamwaukadaulo zotheka. Zizindikiro zofikira nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa ngati katundu wolamulidwa osati zinthu zaumwini, ndipo izi zimawonekera m'nyumba zobwereketsa, malamulo anyumba, ndi mfundo za HOA. Njira yovomerezeka yopita ku chizindikiritso chowonjezera nthawi zambiri imakhala njira yoperekera nyumbayo, pomwe buku latsopanolo limalembetsedwa ndipo lakale likhoza kuthetsedwa ndikuwunikidwa (Nimbio). Kusankha kukopera zomata pa chomata cha RFID kunja kwa njirayi kumathetsa vuto ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale kusiyana kowerengera, chifukwa oyang'anira sangadziwe kuti kutsimikizika kulipo.

 

Timapereka mabizinesi omwe akugwira ntchito mkati mwa furemu yovomerezeka imeneyi: omanga maloko, zotsimikizira{{0}ntchito zobwerezera, zophatikiza masisitimu, ndi oyendetsa katundu omwe akuperekanso ziphaso kwa omwe ali lendi. Sitimapereka chilichonse chomwe chapangidwa kuti chigonjetse chitetezo, ndikunena kuti ndi gawo osati chodzikanira.

 

Zimachitikanso pofotokoza makasitomala athu abwino kwambiri. Ogula omwe akudziwa kale kuti ndi ziti zomwe amaloledwa kubereka, ndi omwe angalembe, ndi omwe amafunsa mafunso omwe ali mu gawo lotsatira, chifukwa chiopsezo chawo sichidziwika mwalamulo. Ndi gulu lomwe silikuchita.

 

 

Mavuto ambiri opeza m'gululi amatha kupewedwa mukangogula{{0}pamaoda. Zinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi zimafunikira kuyika mindandanda yomwe imasiya ikuyandama, ndipo wogulitsa zomata wa OEM wofananira wa RFID ayenera kuyankha zonse zisanu ndi chimodzi popanda kutchingira: nambala yeniyeni ya chip ndi gwero lake; m'badwo wamatsenga, wonenedwa momveka bwino ngati-nthawi imodzi-kulemba motsutsana ndi kulembedwanso; diameter ndizonsemakulidwe kuphatikizapo wosanjikiza uliwonse wa ferrite; zomatira ndi gawo lapansi lomwe adavotera; zinthu zoyezetsa zomwe zikutuluka, kutanthauza pafupipafupi, mtunda wowerengera ndi kukhulupirika kwa data, ndi kuchuluka kwa kuphimba; ndi traceability zambiri.

 

Mndandanda ndi theka losavuta. Theka lomwe limatchinjiriza kuyitanitsa kwa zomata za RFID ndikudziwa zomwe yankho lofooka limatanthauza ndi choti muchite.

 

Ngati wogulitsa apereka chipbanjam'malo mwa nambala ya gawo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatanthawuza kuti amagula zolembera zomalizidwa ndipo samawongolera kufa. Itha kugwira ntchito-ndi kuchuluka kwachiwopsezo chochepa, koma lekani kuwafunsa mafunso ogwirizana omwe sangathe kuyankha, ndikupangira bajeti kuti mufufuze zomwe zikubwera. Ngati sangathe kunena za m'badwo wamatsenga, lingalirani kuti gululo lasakanizidwa ndikulikana kapena mtengo wake posankha. Ngati kuyezetsa kotuluka kukufotokozedwa ngati "sampling" popanda mtengo, funsani mlingo ndi AQL; wogulitsa amene amayesa 100% adzanena nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa zimawatengera ndalama ndipo amafuna ngongole. Ngati sangathe kukupatsani manambala ambiri, mulibe njira yopezera gulu loyipa pambuyo pake, chomwe ndi chinthu chokwera mtengo kwambiri pamndandandawu kuti mudziwe pambuyo pake. Ndipo ngati makulidwe ake akupatula gawo la ferrite, -yezeraninso chitsanzocho, chifukwa kusiyana kumeneko ndi kumene kumapangitsa kuti foni{8}} ikhale yobwezera.

 

Kumbali yathu mafunsowa ali ndi mayankho omveka bwino chifukwa njira yake imayendetsedwa kumapeto mpaka kumapeto: mkuwa-kukhomerera kwa mlongoti wawaya komwe kumakhala pafupifupi ±0.1 mm, mu-kumanga ma chip m'nyumba tsiku ndi tsiku m'mazana zikwizikwi, ndi 100% kuyang'ana kotuluka m'malo motengera zitsanzo. Kuti ± 0.1 mm ndi ma frequency spec pobisala. Coil geometry imakhazikitsa inductance, inductance imayika pomwe chizindikirocho chimamveka, ndipo malo omveka omwe amayendayenda amatanthawuza zidutswa zina mu batch kukhala pafupi ndi m'mphepete mwa zenera lololera la owerenga kuposa ena. Izi ndi zidutswa zomwe zimawerengedwa pang'onopang'ono pakhomo pomwe zina zonse zikuyenda bwino, ndipo ndi chifukwa chake.kutsimikizira chitsanzo motsutsana ndi owerenga omwe akuwawerengera asanapereke voliyumundi mtengo wa masabata awiri. Ngati polojekiti yanu ikufunika mawonekedwe, makulidwe, kapena ferrite kumanga zomwe sizili m'ndandanda wamba, ndiyezida ndi kukonza funso lomwe timayankha mu-nyumbaosati kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi.

 

 

Ubale wathu wautali kwambiri ndi kampani yaku France yomwe ili pamwamba pa nyumbayi-yopeza{1}}msika wotengera mbiri. Pazaka zisanu atenga pafupifupi 500,000 fobs pachaka kuchokera kwa ife, ndipo lingaliro lomwe linapangitsa kuti ligwire ntchito silinali mtengo.

 

Anatchula-nthawi{1}}kulemba chip FUID m'malo molemba chip chamatsenga chosatha. Chifukwa chake chinali malonda. Chidziwitso chikachoka pa kauntala yawo, amafuna kuti zikhale zosatheka kwa kasitomala womaliza, kapena wina aliyense kunsi kwamtsinje, kuti alembenso china chake ndikutsata mtundu wawo. Tidadulanso zida zatsopano kuti ma fobs awo azikhala ndi logo yawoyawo, zomwe zidatseka theka lina lavuto lomweli: mashopu amakopera omwe amachotsa nyumba zageneric ngati mankhwala awo. Zaka zisanu ndi pafupifupi mayunitsi 2.5 miliyoni pambuyo pake, chip-funso la m'badwo silinabwerenso ngati vuto, chifukwa lidayankhidwa kamodzi, polemba, oda yoyamba isanabwere.

 

Uwu ndiye mkangano wonse wotengera chomata cha RFID ngati chokhazikika osati chinthu. Ngati mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito malonda omwewo-kutengera voliyumu yanu, kukulitsa chip, makulidwe, kupanga ma ferrite ndi kuyesa kufalikira, mainjiniya athu adzachita izi motsutsana ndi zitsanzo zenizeni ndispec pepala musanadzipereke ku tooling.